Promising fizzle

 

If you looked outside to the south and upwind of Catalina later yesterday afternoon, after a disappointing day of Cumulus development over the Cat Mountains, you saw this behemoth of a top protrude out of a mass of cirriform clouds beyond Pusch Ridge.   Excitement begins.  Can it hold up long enough to reach us?  This complex of thunderstorms that trudged slowly toward us was around Green Valley at this time (4:29 PM).  It faded almost from the moment this photo was taken.  Go here to see the radar imagery of this from IPS Meteorstar.  Alas, all we got from it was sunset color by the time it got here 3 h later.   The colorful underlit bubbles of downward moving air are called “mammatus” if you care.

We continue to be on the edge of the main summer rain areas to the south, and so we will be lucky to get anything again today other than sunrise and sunset color today. “Dang”, as a friend would say.

 

Sprouts, and not much more

Here they are, reflecting the heat island of Mt. Lemmon yesterday, repeated narrow surges of heat and cloud sprouting upward, and only one reaching the level where ice formed, and a little snow fell out–second photo.  Go here to the U of A fubball-practicing Wildcats Atmospheric website to see the whole interesting sequences of pulses yesterday.

Note frizzy stuff at left and below residual cloud patch in the second photo.  That’s ice that formed because the top of the cloud reached temperatures well below freezing, and is a good example of the threshold level at which ice formed yesterday because there is only a small amount coming out of this cloud.   Had that top ascended another couple of thousand feet, it is likely that it would have been all frizzy and fibrous; completely ice.

The height at which cloud tops begin to form substantial ice tends to change day to day and much of that due to how warm the bottoms of the clouds are.  The warmer the bottoms of the clouds, the higher the temperature at which ice first forms in clouds!  The highest temperature at which ice has been observed to form in any cloud is around -4 C (25 F), and then only when the cloud has formed rain already by an all liquid process called coalescence where cloud droplets merge to form bigger droplets, and eventually those colliding-merging drops reach sizes where they qualify as drizzle or rain drops.    Here in Arizona, clouds occasionally form ice in clouds with tops  warmer than -10 C, but mostly they have to be below -10 C.  It happens, too, but it is rare that clouds here form rain by the collision-coalescence process.

It may seem odd that ice does not form in clouds when they get colder than 0 C (32 F), but rather at lower temperatures, sometimes much lower.  This is a mystery that is still being investigated to this day.

When did we find out the complexity of ice formation in clouds, to continue a bit of a lecture?

We really found this out in Project Whitetop, a large, sophisticated and randomized cloud seeding experiment in Missouri carried out in the early 1960s under the aegis of the University of Chicago.   When researchers went up in aircraft to examine clouds on not seeded days,  they they found that the Cumulus clouds already had some ice in them in cloud tops that had never been colder than -10 C.  This was quite a surprise since nobody really thought ice formed much in all clouds until the tops were at least around -20 C (-4 F).  This was because measurements on the ground of artificial clouds in cloud chambers chilled to -20 C were almost always ice free until that temperature.  Nature’s trick?

We had a hint of a nice sun pillar, faint vertical column, at sunset, here for something more accessible.

 

The End.

 

 

 

 

11 (hundredths)

While we would have liked to have had our rain amplifier turned up to more than 11, as Nigel Tufnel might say, but we got this amount out of an unusual situation in which you often miss rain.  The cloud that did it formed virtually overhead and rained itself out without moving.  Best dump of the day was a bit S of this place toward Cat State Park.  But… let us not get greedy.   Our summer vegetation is looking stressed, and so yesterday’s odd situation of virtually no movement of rain/thunderstorm cells meant that a cloud had to build right over us to get any rain.  And that’s what happened when we got almost all of our 0.11 inches yesterday.  The first shot, looking straight up just before it began, with these eyes detecting some evidence of ice in the top of the cloud overhead and getting excited, since that would mean there would be a rainshaft soon.  In these kinds of overhead shots, as I have mentioned before, you will have to raise the monitor over your head to really get this first photo correctly.  Maybe count to 10 or 12 so it counts as some form of exercise.  Would be good for you, that’s for sure.

Went outside at this time to wait for the first drops, hoping I would see those silver dollar-sized ones that fall out first through the updraft1.   It took a few minutes, and I did not see those giants.  Still, the drops were big enough and numerous enough to produce 0.07 inches in about 5 minutes.  Nice.

With no wind “up top”, it was a bit odd to see that this cloud that had rained itself out, still virtually overhead 40 min later as a patch of Cirrus (spissatus cumulonimbogenitus) if you want something to choke on so early in the morning.  See the very upper left hand corner of the second shot:

In the meantime, Cumulus werer lining up and boiling upward just S of us, and eventually went on to produce much heavier rains on the west side of the Cat mountains and into Oro Valley.  Also nice.

Here’s that sequence to the S, beginning with a promising line of Cumulus bases:

 

 

 

 

Interesting, perhaps, historical note below, he sez, re raindrops

——————————————————

1Mr. Cloud Maven person has the undistinguished, perhaps embarrassing note of sharing with his lead professor, the late Peter V. Hobbs,  the Guinness world record for measured raindrop size (see below).  So, Mr. Cloud Maven person knows something about where those giants (about 1 cm in diameter) fall out.  BTW, a bigger drop was recorded by researchers in Hawaii (Prof. Ken Beard, personal communication) AFTER some global publicity about our record went out.  But, Dr. Professor Ken Beard, did not publish his drop.  So, does a tree fall in the forest if you haven’t published anything about it?  I don’t think so.

BTW2, it was thought via experiments and theory, still prevalent in most textbooks, that rain drops larger than about 5 mm in diameter could not exist, so the finding of drops perhaps as large as a cm in diameter (10 mm, or close to half an inch) as we reported (Hobbs and Rangno, 2004:  Super-Large Raindrops, Geophys. Res. Letts.) was controversial.  I guess the clouds don’t read the textbooks.

Trace King; how to be one

Had a trace of rain yesterday, August 5th, in Catalina as a few drops fell just after 5 PM, and again just after 8 PM.  If you weren’t outside or driving in the neighborhood, you wouldn’t have noticed.

I always felt recording a trace of rain was important, but the recording of traces is definitely human influenced: there are outstanding trace “reporters”, and those who aren’t so diligent.  An example, discovered while looking at rainfall data for my hometown Los Angeles.   For decades it seemed, Sam Miller, was the Weather Bureau (now NWS) “statistician” reporting to the newspapers the amount of rain or other climate data of interest from the Los Angeles official climate site, downtown.  Sam NEVER missed a trace, whether it was a summertime sprinkle (sparse larger drops that fall rapidly) from mid-level clouds, or drizzle (fine, close together drops that almost float in the air) from low, maritime Stratus clouds prevalent in mornings in the Los Angeles basin during the spring and early summer.  During Sam Miller’s regime, Los Angeles averaged about 20-25 traces a year.   When Sam passed in the mid-1960s, he was replaced by an observer that was not so vigilant.   The number of traces fell to just several a year!

At the time, being a little naive, I thought I had discovered an air pollution effect.  It had been reported that smoke from cane fires in Australia had reduced rainfall from relatively shallow clouds.  I thought maybe that the notorious Los Angeles smog had reached a level where it had turned off the Stratus drizzle machine (mid-level clouds would not be affected).  I got excited, but it wasn’t long before reason set in and the “heterogeneity” in the data was found to be due to human influence.

Even today, I take pride in detecting “traces” of rain, recalling Sam Miller.  A “trace” tells you, when you see it in the climate data, that rain was in the area.  And especially here in the summertime, perhaps even heavy rain that missed gauges.  So, while hoping for a “dump” from a promising cloud base almost directly overhead (first pic) I waited outside for many minutes so I could “detect” it first hand.  A heavy shaft of rain was already drenching the west slopes of Samaniego Ridge.

I waited outside for the first sparse fall of giant drops the size of silver dollars, those big boys that fall through the updraft overhead first before the collapse and main rainshaft falls out.  Didn’t happen.  The shaft from the cloud base overhead developed that bit too late and all we got is a few, spares medium drops, more or less having been blown our way by the wind as the main shaft that eventually came down.  Oh, well.

Evidence of those drops having fallen, in nearly 100 F temperatures, was soon gone.  If I hadn’t been outside watching as this base developed overhead, I might have missed it, or at least when it fell.  However, I do have a “trace detector”, our oldest car which is parked outside.  That car is always aquiring a new layer of dust, and, at the same time, I clean the windows every day.  With the inevitable dust, overnight “traces” of rain are NEVER missed!  I deem myself therefore, the “Trace King.”  I’ve noticed that many people do not park their cars outside for the purpose of detecting traces of rain, and so that’s why I EASILY surpass others trace reporting because so many night events are missed.  Its great to be at the top, I have to say, to be good at something anyway, if nothing else.  An example of the detection of a trace from an overnight event below (2nd photo)  Note small mud balls where drops and mud congealed.  What a great sight!  Got me another “trace” for the records!

I hope now that many of you will now appreciate the meteorological importance of parking your car outside, 24/7, refreshing its surfaces each day for that new, possible trace, to help you be that bit better weather observer you always wanted to be.  Soon, you could be the “Trace King” of your domain!

The End

In case you missed it…

yesterday’s lightning criss-crossed rainbows over Catalina/Oro Valley.  Couldn’t capture the lightning, but two strokes occurred while this glorious rainbow was in progress.  Once again, being from Seattle, I have to say, “Never seen that combination before.”  I now really wish the University of Washington had had a branch campus in the Tucson area–go Huskies!   The first shot was taken at 5:49 AM, about the same time as the rainbow fragment in an earlier post.  You can see that the other part of yesterday’s rainbow is in EXACTLY the same position as that colored highlight shown back then.  It was odd, too, that there still was lightning with this very weakly, raining, and dissipating Cumulonimbus, and in particular, a cloud-to-ground strike.  Seemed to continue the regime of unusually electrified clouds in the past 24 h, ones that seemed ordinary, or even weak, yet produced prodigious amounts of lightning, and continued to flash long after they seemed “dead” as clouds.  That is, no new updraft areas apparent, just virga and weak rainshafts as shown here).    Hmmmmm…..

Nice, unexpected thunderstorm this morning with an extremely close strike here about 3 AM.  Total rain only 0.07 inches, but with an interruption of the summer rains predicted for several days, the mods say, any rain is welcomed!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sunny, with rain and close lightning strikes

Good grief, what a last 12 h or so.  First, the smallest thunderstorm that produced the most vicious cloud-to-ground strikes that I’ve experienced developed overhead just before 5 PM LST yesterday.   Took the photos below looking in several directions because, as the heavy rain fell for a few minutes and the lightning bolts were striking all around the house, it was SUNNY!   Somebody musta got a good rainbow shot!  Take a look;  the following photos were taken amid close, cloud-to-ground strikes and pouring rain (amounting to 0.13 inches in a few minutes):

Here’s the cloud what done it, just as the “festivities” got under way.  Truly amazing!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We all know small (Cumulonimbus clouds) can produce very small shafts of rain, but it was how highly “electrified” this small cloud was that made it special.  And that phenomenon continued into last night as that huge complex moved in from the SE after 10 PM last night with about as much lightning as I have seen over such a wide area.  Its still producing lightning to the NW-N.  Sadly, we only received another 0.01 inches overnight to bring the 24 h total to 0.14 inches.  But somebody got a pounding overnight.  Let’s check with our friendly ALERT gage reports.  Not much around here or on the CDO watershed, darn!  Still hoping for a Sutherland and CDO wash run before summer is out.  Last year they were running on July 30th.   These dogs were pretty happy about it back then, too; here a scene from the Sutherland wash last year.  But, I nostalgiate.   (What a great sight that is, water running in our washes!)

 

Most of yesterday’s appears to have been to the S and SW of us.  Oh, well.  As Scarlet said, “Tomorrow is another day”, except that now its “today is another day.”  Mods tending to dry us out in the days ahead.  Drat.

The End.

 

 

 

 

 



Anyone for sprouts?

Man, I wanted some sprouts so BAD yesterday afternoon!  But, no, it looked like there weren’t going to be any.  The air seemed to be too dry near the tops of the small Cumulus clouds that populated our sky until 3:30 PM LST.  But then, voila, sprouts!  Little acorns grew into huge cauliflowers!  And then, voila#2, those sprouts reached the “glaciation level” and well beyond it, where the tops suddenly transformed into ice, meaning that there is hail/graupel and snow that will fall out of the bottom of those clouds and melt into RAIN!

While we didn’t get any here in Catalina yesterday, it was still a spectacular sky for us to enjoy.  Here are some examples, in case you missed them, which, if you are in Colorado, Montana, or New Hampshire, or somewhere like that, you CERTAINLY did and will want to see this.  First, a failed cloud.   Tried to sprout as best it could, but didn’t have what it takes.  Sky pretty discouraging at this point because it was 100 friggin’ degrees and the Cumulus clouds were acting like they had cold bottoms; they weren’t sprouting in response to the ovenly weather, to continue a theme.

But then,  when I wasn’t looking and had really kind of given up, voila#3, here was this “glaciated” tower (3rd photo)!  It was stunning!  I missed this because, as a man with feelings,  I was preoccupied with the vets “rassling” with our horse, trying to poke him with huge needles (photo included as a human interest diversion in case you’re already tired of seeing cloud pictures.)

Off we went, with more cloud sprouts and glaciation!  The Cumulonimbus “calvus” shown on the right (5th photo, the one after the horsey shot) with palo verde tree in foreground, virtually went “volcanic”; a huge cloud explosion ensued after this shot, 16 minutes later (4:44 PM LST).  You can really see this happen at the movies here, presented by the University of Arizona Department of Atmospheric Meteorology.  “Two thumbs up.”

And, of course, we had another memorable sunset to clog our already overloaded brains.

The End.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The “boys” are back in town; those Cumulonimbus ones

Who can forget “Thin Lizzzy”?   I guess everyone.    A reminder of their one hit below:

“Guess who just got back today?

Them wild-eyed boys that had been away

Haven’t changed, haven’t much to say
But man, I still think them cats are crazy”

After some English language deviations above, it was great to see for the past coupla days some of them fat Cumulonimbus clouds we been missing of late.  Lotta lightning, too, which was fun to see.  At this point, I would like to point out that some residents of Catalina habitually leave in summertime so’s that they don’t experience our storms, colorful sunrises, sunsets and warmth.  Such a pity, wouldn’t you say?  Some go off to the White Mountains to their second palaces and villas up there, but at least these weather refugees remain in our State where you could drive up to see them if you really wanted to.  Others go off to such far away weather refugee centers as….Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire (?, really inexplicable), etc., to escape our photogenic storms and sunsets.

Besides, they got smog back East, smog so bad you can barely see the blue sky overhead on a humid day, just the kind of day where interesting clouds might be around!  Its awful.  Here’s an example from a University of Washington field project in Virginia, the view from the ground and then on top during a research flight.  Ghastly!  Certainly this kind of thing extends all the way up to New Hampshire on humid days and you have to wait for a cold front (they get a lot of them up there) for the air to clear out.  Ugh!

Below is what we in Arizona see on a humid day; these from yesterday.  Of course, for some little climate babies, maybe the temperature is a little too high here for them (100 F yesterday).  I guess that is pretty high… But you can see 100 miles off in the distance as well!  Look at those (Code 4) rainshafts out there.  “Code 4”?  Nothing visible behind rainshaft.  This is so COOL!

You may have noticed a southwest wind picking up here in Catalina soon after this complex of rain and lightning appeared, and a bit of a ‘boob off to the southwest, marked by a dark line of dust just above the horizon.  That outflowing wind got here and gave a nice upward shove to the otherwise innocuous clouds over us.  Watch what happened to this moderate Cumulus cloud as the SW wind began to hit.  #4, rain begins to fall out, the best time to be underneath and experience the biggest drops or hail.

Well, it pretty  much missed us, only got 013 inches as this spread to the north some later.   But, it all helps.  Leafy desert vegetation looking stressed before the last two days of rain, now totaling 0.32 inches here in Cat land.

Lastly, since I have too many cloud photos here, a picture of a horse grazing on somebody’s weeds.   Hypothetically speaking, perhaps the owner is in New Hampshire (today’s location theme) and would want to know that her horse is being exercised even after I fell off the day before.

The End.

"Thar she blows"

In case you missed it-a spectacular, if odd, partial rainbow

Have never seen anything like this, shot taken about 5:50 AM LST yesterday, July 26th.  My best guess is that it was a partial rainbow, made possible by the small region of rain falling out of these Altocumulus opacus clouds.  Probably some bulges in those tops above where the rain is falling so that they reached the “glaciation” level, but then the precip as snow, melts into rain just below cloud base.  The low sun angle produces what would be the most gigantic rainbow ever, running about from due S to due N if complete.  Is that even possible?    The lower the sun angle, the dimmer the light, the larger is the arc of the rainbow.   Will have to research this some more.

Some further thoughts…  When you see VERY localized occurrences of precip from widespread cloud sheets like this, the possibility arises that it could have been created by the passage of an aircraft.   An aircraft, under certain special conditions, CAN create precipitation in supercooled clouds–there was global publicity on this phenomenon recently asserting that airports could be affected by aircraft in snow situations.   A friend was flying to New Hampshire yesterday out of TUS, and I wonder if her plane left this salutation?    Hahahah, sort of.  Most often, a hole in the layer is observed when that happens, and so the thought that it WAS an aircraft is somewhat suspect.

Go here, if you want to really get deep in this aircraft phenomenon.  (Yes, Mr. Cloud-maven himself was involved in the reporting of this phenomenomanonanon)

The End

 

The color of rain

In case you missed it last evening….   Don’t forget, too, that if you are standing in sunlight AND rain, that you are IN somebody’s rainbow.  In fact, whereever the sunlight is hitting the rain is somebody’s rainbow.  You can only see the one the laws of physics combined with drop sizes allow you to see.   So, in a sense, the rain you standing in is brilliantly colored; you just can’t see it.  Kind of cool, when you think about it.

Here’s the post mortem on yesterday.

First, morning Stratocumulus clouds topping Samaniego Ridge.  2) The occasional “sprout” of deeper Cumuli out of that mass.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

But along with that, the Cumulus clouds elsewhere remained pretty flat (3), indicating there was something above the tops holding them back. That would be some sort of “stable” layer that would have to be overcome by more heating before any of these could surge upward farther and produce rain.  Below, taken at 2:15 PM yesterday afternoon.  With only occasional “sprouts” over the Catalinas that withered and died (4) instead of blowing up into thunderstorms, there was some reason for concern at this point.  In fact, NOTHING sprung up over the Catalina mountains.  Rain fell yesterday evening for a few hours, but we had to be “saved” from a dry day by a thundery mass, mostly the fading remnants of strong storms that marched westward from the White Mountains.  The last photo, (5) shows that “stratiform” cloud mass (with Cumulus underneath it) that brought the steady light rain and rainbows.  This photo was taken as the first drops began to fall.

Our rainfall was only 0.13 inches, but considering these masses often run out of rain before getting here, I was grateful for that.